The terrm "controlled drinking" refers to moderate, problem-free use of alcohol.

Controlled drinking programmes are often attempted following a period of heavy / problematic drinking.

Considerable controversy surrounds the concept of controlled drinking - and many abstinence-based agencies (such as Alcoholic's Anonymous) remain strongly opposed to attempts at returning to alcohol use.

Research suggests that a successful return to moderate drinking may be possible for some heavy / dependent drinkers. These are usually those with a relatively short history of alcohol problems and who are able to clearly identify a causal factor (such as unemployment) that they can remedy.

Before attempting a controlled drinking programme there should ideally be a significant prior period of complete abstinence from the use of alcohol. A period of six months is often advised. Attempting controlled drinking without a prior period of abstinence is often associated with a relapse into heavy drinking.

Prior to commencing controlled drinking there should be a full discussion with family members, the G.P., alcohol counsellor / therapist / etc. In particular, it is important to consider those who may be harmed by a relapse into heavy drinking (egs. the partner, children, etc.).

There should also be a thorough consideration of all the various advantages, disadvantages and risks associated with a return to alcohol use. The consequences of a relapse should be fully understood - egs. the impact on family life, health, work performance, etc.

Controlled drinking involves setting clear & strict "goals". There should be prior agreed maximum limits regarding the number of alcohol units to be consumed each day and week. There should also be targets regarding the number of "dry" days for each week / month.

If drinking starts to exceed the above limits the controlled drinking programme should be put "on hold". A period of abstinence should then be followed before re-commencing the controlled drinking programme.

Family members and friends can provide useful support during "in vivo" drinking situations. Ideally drinking should be with other moderate drinkers who understand and support the goals of controlled drinking.

Other heavy / problem drinkers should be avoided during controlled drinking programmes. This may require changing drinking venues and the times when alcohol is consumed.

Controlled drinking programmes usually make extensive use of self-monitoring devices such as drink-diaries / manuals / contracts / etc.

Controlled drinking programmes often involve the development of drink refusal techniques. This may include developing a repertoire of stock answers to use when under pressure to drink - eg. "I can't drink because I'm on medication....".

Anxiety / stress management techniques are also employed - such as the use of relaxation training.

Another common theme of controlled drinking involves the use of distraction techniques whilst drinking egs. playing pool, darts, etc.

Controlled drinking often involves slowing down the speed of drinking. A heavy meal prior to drinking may be recommended to reduce the rate of alcohol absorption.

Certain aspects of drinking are often avoided - such as drinking alone, drinking in "rounds", drinking neat spirits / "super" lagers / white ciders.

Techniques that are often encouraged include the use of low-alcohol / alcohol free beverages, dilution of spirits / wine / beer, limiting of spending power, use of relapse prevention strategies and lifestyle changes such as developing alternative social activities.